In a Prisoner's Dilemma scenario, both players receive 3 points for cooperation and 2 points for defection. However, if one player defects while the other cooperates, the defector gets 5 points and the cooperator gets 1 point. What is the most likely outcome based on individual decision-making?
A) Both players cooperate. B) Both players defect. C) One player cooperates, the other defects (unspecified which). D) It depends on the individual risk tolerance of each player.-
In a Nash equilibrium, what is NOT necessarily true?
A) No player has an incentive to deviate from their chosen strategy. B) It represents a stable outcome where everyone's strategies are mutually consistent. C) It always maximizes the total payoff for all players involved. D) It exists in all game scenarios, regardless of complexity. -
Which of the following best describes the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma?
A) A one-shot game where cooperation dominates defection. B) A repeated game where players can learn and adapt their strategies based on past interactions. C) A complex auction setting where strategic bidding determines the final price. D) A zero-sum game where one player's gain equals the other's loss. -
In an arms race scenario between two countries, each country's decision to increase military spending depends on the anticipated actions of the other. This dynamic illustrates which key concept of game theory?
A) Dominant strategy B) Payoff matrix C) Zero-sum game D) Strategic interdependence -
Which element is NOT essential for game theory analysis?
A) Clearly defined players and their available actions. B) Well-defined outcomes (payoffs) associated with each action combination. C) An understanding of individual player psychology and emotions. D) A framework for analyzing potential equilibria and optimal strategies. -
The "Tragedy of the Commons" scenario, where individuals overexploit a shared resource, can be seen as an example of:
A) A zero-sum game where individual gain comes at the collective cost. B) A coordination game where cooperation benefits everyone but requires trust. C) A signaling game where players send messages through their actions. D) A prisoner's dilemma with repeated interactions and potential for learning. -
In an auction with incomplete information, bidders might strategically use a mixed strategy of sometimes placing high bids and sometimes low bids. This tactic aims to achieve which of the following?
A) Maximize their expected profit while keeping competitors guessing. B) Signal their confidence in the value of the auctioned item. C) Appear unpredictable and discourage other bidders from participating. D) Guarantee they win the auction regardless of other bids. -
The use of game theory in economic models often assumes players are:
A) Perfectly rational and act only in their own self-interest. B) Highly emotional and easily swayed by social factors. C) Limited by cognitive biases and prone to irrational decisions. D) Completely predictable in their strategic choices. -
Game theory can be applied to understand and analyze situations beyond games and economics, such as:
A) The evolution of language and communication through natural selection. B) The behavior of animals in competitive environments. C) The dynamics of international relations and diplomacy. D) All of the above. -
Although game theory offers powerful tools for analysis, it has limitations. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of game theory?
A) It often relies on simplifying assumptions about human behavior. B) It may not accurately predict outcomes in complex real-world scenarios. C) It cannot account for emotions, social norms, and ethical considerations. D) It provides prescriptive solutions rather than descriptive explanations.
Answer Key:
- B
- C
- B
- D
- C
- A
- A
- A
- D
- D
