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Title: Terms of Trade (TOT): Types, Formula, Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis with AP Economy Example 2026 Slug: terms-of-trade-types-formula-prebisch-singer Labels: International Economics , APPSC Assistant Professor , Terms of Trade , AP Economy Meta Description: What is Terms of Trade? Learn Net Barter, Gross Barter, Income TOT formulas, Prebisch-Singer deterioration hypothesis, and AP export-import example for APPSC Assistant Professor exam. --- Introduction Terms of Trade (TOT) is one of the most important concepts in International Economics and a frequently asked topic in APPSC Assistant Professor, Degree Lecturer, and UGC NET Economics exams. In simple words, Terms of Trade shows how many imports a country can buy with its exports. If TOT improves, a country benefits from international trade. What is Terms of Trade? According to Jacob Viner , Terms of Trade refers to the rate at which one country's goods exchange with another country's goods. Types of Terms of Trade (Important...

1. According to Keynes , the consumption function primarily relates consumption to: A) Interest rate B) Income C) Price level D) Money supply Follow the Unique Study Centre channel on WhatsApp: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb6e3LCA2pLEYnNqUC1H 2. The Keynesian consumption function is generally expressed as: A) C = a + bY B) C = a − bY C) C = b/Y D) C = Y − C 3. In the equation C = a + bY, ‘a’ represents: A) Marginal propensity to consume B) Average propensity to consume C) Autonomous consumption D) Induced investment 4. According to Keynes, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is: A) Greater than 1 B) Equal to 1 always C) Between 0 and 1 D) Less than 0 5. The slope of the Keynesian consumption function is equal to: A) APC B) MPC C) MPS D) APS 6. If income increases by ₹1,000 and consumption increases by ₹800, the MPC is: A) 0.2 B) 0.5 C) 0.8 D) 1.25 7. According to Keynes’s psychological law of consumption , as income increases: A) Consumption increases more than proportiona...

El Niño and Its Effects on the World Economy Abstract El Niño is a major climate phenomenon that originates in the tropical Pacific Ocean but produces economic consequences across the world. Changes in temperature and rainfall associated with El Niño can affect agriculture , fisheries, energy production, transportation, international trade, inflation, and economic growth. Countries that depend heavily on agriculture and natural resources are particularly vulnerable. Reduced crop production can increase food prices , while disruptions to energy and supply chains can raise production costs. El Niño can also influence monetary policy by creating inflationary pressures . However, its effects are not uniform, and some regions may experience temporary economic benefits from favorable weather conditions. This article examines the major effects of El Niño on the world economy and discusses measures that governments and businesses can adopt to reduce economic risks. Keywords: El Niño, World...

News On Economics # Development of India Since Independence: A Seven-Decade Journey of Transformation **Author: S. Bhaskar** Follow the Unique Study Centre channel on WhatsApp: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb6e3LCA2pLEYnNqUC1H ## Abstract India’s development journey since independence in 1947 represents a complex transformation from a predominantly agrarian, low-income and resource-constrained economy into one of the world’s major emerging economies. At independence, India faced widespread poverty, low literacy, inadequate infrastructure, food insecurity and limited industrial capacity. The country responded through democratic institutions, economic planning, public investment and state-led industrialization. The Green Revolution subsequently strengthened food security, while the economic reforms of 1991 marked a fundamental transition towards liberalization, globalization and greater reliance on market forces. In the post-reform era, India experienced rapid expansion of services...